Volume 13, Issue 1 (3-2025)                   JoMMID 2025, 13(1): 9-15 | Back to browse issues page

Ethics code: 3655379

XML Print

Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Akinola A, Adebowale Olayinka O, Yekeen Raheem T. Surveillance of Respiratory Syncytial Virus [RSV], Influenza A and B Viral Infections in COVID-19 Negative Individuals in Oyo State, Nigeria. JoMMID 2025; 13 (1) :9-15
URL: http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-629-en.html
Surveillance of Respiratory Syncytial Virus [RSV], Influenza A and B Viral Infections in COVID-19 Negative Individuals in Oyo State, Nigeria
Adefunke Akinola , Oluseyi Adebowale Olayinka , Toyosi Yekeen Raheem *
Department of Biological Sciences, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria & Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
Abstract:   (884 Views)
Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the critical need for robust surveillance of other respiratory viruses due to overlapping clinical presentations, which can complicate accurate diagnosis. Consequently, precise etiological diagnosis remains paramount, particularly in settings where SARS-CoV-2 infection is suspected, given the shared symptomatology with other respiratory pathogens. This retrospective study investigated the prevalence of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Influenza A and B virus infections among individuals who tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 in Oyo State, Nigeria. Methods: Nasopharyngeal samples (n = 206) were collected between January 2023 and June 2023 from both adults and children who tested negative for COVID-19 using RT-qPCR. These samples were subsequently analyzed following a standardized protocol, which included viral RNA extraction and a multiplex one-step RT-qPCR assay. The resulting data were statistically analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics software (version 25). Results: Among individuals who tested negative for COVID-19, RSV was detected in 2.8% of children and 2.0% of adults. Influenza B was identified in 2.8% of children and 1.0% of adults, while Influenza A was detected in 1.0% of adults but was not found in any children. The mean age of the participants was 2.97 years for children and 33.51 years for adults. Conclusion: Although the observed detection rates were relatively low, our findings underscore the continued necessity of screening for RSV and Influenza A and B viruses in individuals presenting with respiratory symptoms, even in the context of a negative SARS-CoV-2 test result. Sustained surveillance efforts are paramount for a comprehensive understanding of respiratory viral epidemiology, including the dynamics of circulation, potential geographic variations, and the identification of potential outbreak hotspots, thereby informing evidence-based public health interventions and clinical management strategies. Future prospective sentinel surveillance studies will be instrumental in further elucidating the complexities of respiratory viral co-infections and revealing nuanced spatiotemporal and demographic patterns of infection.
Keywords: Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Influenza A, Influenza B, COVID-19, Respiratory co-infections, Surveillance, Oyo State, Nigeria
Full-Text [PDF 766 kb]   (81 Downloads)    
Type of Study: Original article | Subject: Infectious diseases and public health
Received: 2023/12/5 | Accepted: 2025/03/11 | Published: 2025/06/1
References
1. Kabantiyok D, Ninyio N, Shittu I, Meseko C, Emeto TI, Adegboye OA. Human Respiratory Infections in Nigeria: Influenza and the Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic. Vaccines (Basel). 2022; 10 (9): 1551. [DOI:10.3390/vaccines10091551] [PMID] [PMCID]
2. Hansen CL, Chaves SS, Demont C, Viboud C. Mortality Associated with Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Virus in the US, 1999-2018. JAMA Netw Open. 2022; 5 (2): e220527. [DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.0527] [PMID] [PMCID]
3. Chi-man Leung E, Chi-ying Chow V, Kin-ping Lee M, Pui-san Tang K, Kwok-cheung Li D, Wai-man Lai R. Evaluation of the Xpert Xpress SARS-CoV-2/Flu/RSV Assay for Simultaneous Detection of SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A and B Viruses, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Nasopharyngeal Specimens [Internet]. 2021. Available from: https://journals.asm.org/journal/jcm [DOI:10.1128/JCM.02965-20] [PMID] [PMCID]
4. Ascough S, Paterson S, Chiu C. Induction and subversion of human protective immunity: Contrasting influenza and respiratory syncytial virus. Front Immunol. 2018: 9: 323. [DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00323] [PMID] [PMCID]
5. Zimmer SM, Burke DS. Historical Perspective - Emergence of Influenza A (H1N1) Viruses. N Engl J Med. 2009; 361 (3): 279-85. [DOI:10.1056/NEJMra0904322] [PMID]
6. Hutchinson EC. Influenza Virus. Trends Microbiol. 2018; 26 (9): 809-10. [DOI:10.1016/j.tim.2018.05.013] [PMID]
7. Ogunsemowo O, Olaleye DO, Odaibo GN. Genetic diversity of human respiratory syncytial virus circulating among children in Ibadan, Nigeria. PLoS One. 2018; 13 (1): e0191494. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0191494] [PMID] [PMCID]
8. Chen Y, Liu Q, Guo D. Emerging coronaviruses: Genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis. J Med Virol. 2020; 92 (4): 418-23. [DOI:10.1002/jmv.25681] [PMID] [PMCID]
9. WHO. Timeline of WHO's response to COVID-19. 2024 [cited 2024 Sep 10]; Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/interactive-timeline
10. Cleveland Clinic. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) _ Symptoms, Causes & Prevention. 2022 Jan 3 [cited 2024 Sep 4]; Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21214-coronavirus-covid-19
11. Chow EJ, Uyeki TM, Chu HY. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on community respiratory virus activity. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023; 21 (3): 195-210. [DOI:10.1038/s41579-022-00807-9] [PMID] [PMCID]
12. Osterhaus ADME, Rimmelzwaan GF, Martina BEE, Bestebroer TM, Fouchier RAM. Influenza B virus in seals. Science. 2000; 288 (5468): 1051-3. [DOI:10.1126/science.288.5468.1051] [PMID]
13. Killingley B, Nguyen-Van-Tam J. Routes of influenza transmission. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2013; 7 Suppl 2 (Suppl 2): 42-51. [DOI:10.1111/irv.12080] [PMID] [PMCID]
14. Bardsley M, Morbey RA, Hughes HE, Beck CR, Watson CH, Zhao H, et al. Epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus in children younger than 5 years in England during the COVID-19 pandemic, measured by laboratory, clinical, and syndromic surveillance: a retrospective observational study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2023; 23 (1): 56-66. [DOI:10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00525-4] [PMID]
15. Qiagen. Sample to Insight QIAamp ® Viral RNA Mini Handbook [Internet]. 2023 Jun [cited 2024 Sep 4]. Available from: file:///C:/Users/USER/Downloads/HB-0354-008_HB_QA_Viral_RNA_Mini_0623_WW.pdf
16. Tin Tin Htar M, Yerramalla MS, Moïsi JC, Swerdlow DL. The Burden of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Epidemiol Infect. 2020: 148: e48. [DOI:10.1017/S0950268820000400] [PMID] [PMCID]
17. Shu B, Kirby MK, Davis WG, Warnes C, Liddell J, Liu J, et al. Multiplex real-time reverse transcription PCR for influenza a virus, influenza b virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021; 27 (7): 1821-30. [DOI:10.3201/eid2707.210462] [PMID] [PMCID]
18. Wang X, Li Y, O'Brien KL, Madhi SA, Widdowson MA, Byass P, et al. Global burden of respiratory infections associated with seasonal influenza in children under 5 years in 2018: a systematic review and modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2020; 8 (4): e497-e510.
19. Faneye A, Motayo BO, Adesanmi A, Onoja B. Evaluation of IgG antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and associated risk factors for severe respiratory tract infections in pre- School children in north-central, Nigeria. Afr J Infect Dis. 2014; 8 (2): 36-9. [DOI:10.4314/ajid.v8i2.4] [PMID] [PMCID]
20. Sato R, Takasaki Y. Vaccine hesitancy and refusal: Behavioral evidence from rural northern Nigeria. Vaccines (Basel). 2021; 9 (9): 1023. [DOI:10.3390/vaccines9091023] [PMID] [PMCID]
21. NCDC. Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. 2023 Oct [cited 2024 Sep 10]; Available from: https://ncdc.gov.ng/reports/weekly
22. Rahman MM, Bhattacharjee B, Farhana Z, Hamiduzzaman M, Chowdhury MAB, Hossain MS, et al. Age-related risk factors and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Prev Med Hyg. 2021; 62 (2): E329-E371.
Add your comments about this article : Your username or Email:
CAPTCHA
Send email to the article author

Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.