ORIGINAL_ARTICLE The Effect of Triclabendazole on ALT Enzyme activity in Fasciola hepatica helminths and parasitized sheep liver tissues Introduction: To determine an indicator for Triclabendazole (TCBZ) efficacy, Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity in Fasciola hepatica (Iranian isolate) parasite in presence and absence of TCBZ was evaluated by an in vitro cultivation method. Also, ALT enzyme activity between none and parasitized-infected sheep liver tissues was assessed. Method:  The sheep livers were collected and transferred immediately to the Department of Parasitology. Adult living parasites were recovered, washed and divided into two groups, treatment and control groups with 10 parasites in each. We added 15 μg TCBZ to the treatment group; then incubated both groups for 4 h at 37ºC. The parasites, infected and parasite free liver tissues were ground and homogenized by a Mortar and pestle, centrifuged, and supernatants were recovered. Protein concentration and ALT enzyme activity were measured in the supenatants. Results: The results of ALT enzyme activity assay showed 0.03 U/ml/mg protein for treated F. hepatica and 0.01 U/ml/mg protein for untreated samples, the mean values of difference was not significant (p>0.05). The difference between ALT activity in none and parasitized-infected liver was not significant (p>0.05). However, two-sample T-test analysis showed higher ALT activity in treated and untreated parasite in comparison with none and parasitized-infected liver specimens (p<0.05). In addition to ALT protein band for parasite and liver tissue, Cathepsin enzyme (proteases) was detected for parasite by SDS-PAGE analysis. Conclusion: ALT activity cannot be considered as a useful marker for TCBZ efficacy in F. hepatica treatment. However, ALT enzyme showed comparable activities in parasite and its host liver tissue. http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-81-en.pdf 2016-09-19 1 5 Alanine Aminotransferase Fasciola hepatica Egaten® Triclabendazole Liver Ali Farahnak farahnak@tums.ac.ir 1 Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AUTHOR Fariba Amni hiva.hamidi63@yahoo.com 2 Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AUTHOR Taghi Golmohammadi Golmoham@tums.ac.ir 3 Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AUTHOR Mohammad Reza Eshraghian eshraghianmr@tums.ac.ir 4 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AUTHOR Mohammad Bagher Molaei Rad mb-molaeirad@farabi.tums.ac.ir 5 Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Antibacterial Effects of Aloe Vera Extracts on some Human and Animal Bacterial Pathogens Introduction: Aloe Vera compounds have inhibitory activity on fungi, bacteria, and viruses. This study examines the antibacterial activity of A. Vera purified extracts including gel, boiled skin, boiled gel, and distilled extract against pathogenic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were elucidated. Method: The bacterial strains were collected from veterinary hospital. Freshly collected A. vera leaves were used for the juice extraction of gel, skin and distilled extracts. Antibacterial effects of various A. Vera extracts were evaluated using broth microdilution method. The crude polysaccharides of boiled skin extract were purified by phenol method; and fractionated by anion exchange chromatography. For each bacterium, minimum inhibitory concentration of various A. Vera extracts was determined. The protein expression changes of treated bacteria were detected by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. Results: The distillate extract exhibited more antibacterial effects than other extracts. Out of seven-carbohydrate fractions of the skin extract, the fractions 6 and 7 had antibacterial effects on S. aureus and MRSA at 0.089 and 0.134 mg/ml, respectively; also fraction 5 showed antibacterial effects on MRSA at 0.113 mg/ml concentration. The protein profiles of these strains before and after treatment with A. Vera showed significant differences at 175, 60, 200 and 70 kDa protein bands of S. aureus, MRSA, P. aeruginosa and K. pneumonia, respectively. Conclusion: This finding showed that the distillate extract despite the minimal amount of carbohydrate and protein was more efficient against both Gram-positive and Gram negative bacteria. http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-88-en.pdf 2016-10-10 6 10 Aloe Vera Extracts Antibacterial Darioush Gharibi d.gharibi@scu.ac.ir 1 Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran AUTHOR Mohammad Khosravi dr.khosravim@gmail.com 2 Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran AUTHOR Zohreh Hosseini hossini895818@gmail.com 3 Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran AUTHOR Fatemeh Boroun dr_mnemati58@yahoo.com 4 Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran AUTHOR Seyedeh Kolsum Barzgar dvm_barzegar@yahoo.com 5 Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran AUTHOR Ali Forughi Far mamad_kh17@yahoo.com 6 Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE An In Vitro Study on Impact of Environmental Stresses on Growth, Morphological and Biochemical Features of Listeria monocytogenes PTCC 1297 Introduction: Listeria monocytogenes is a serious concern for the food industry due to its high case fatality rate, widespread distribution, ability to survive a wide variety of food processing conditions, and the severity of the illness associated with this pathogen infection. The objective of this study was to determine the growth, cell morphology and biochemical characteristics of L. monocytogenes PTCC 1297 (Serotype 4a) under selected environmental stresses. Method: The environmental stresses were acid stress (HCl, pH 2.0-6.0), alkaline stress (NaOH, pH 8.0-12.0), ethanol stress (5.0%-25.0% vol/vol), oxidative stress (H2O2, 0.06%-6.0% vol/vol), osmotic stress (NaCl and sucrose, 2.0%-30.0% wt/vol) and heat stress (40-60°C). All stresses were applied to the exponential phase bacteria whereas non-stressed exponential phase cells served as a control and the cells were allowed to grow for 24 h. For evaluating the growth of L. monocytogenes PTCC 1297 after inoculation procedure and exposure of cells to selected stresses we used colony count method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was implemented to visualize the external appearance of the bacteria. Results: According to the results, the bacteria at pH≤4 and pH≥10 achieved by HCl and, NaOH, respectively, died. Also, concentrations ethanol at ≥15% vol/vol, H2O2 ≥0.3% vol/vol, NaCl ≥14% wt/vol, and heat ≥50°C were lethal for the bacteria. Unlike other stresses, sucrose did not kill bacteria but decreased their growth. The phenotypical and biochemical characteristics of them changed when exposed to each stress. Conclusion: Different doses of various stresses were either lethal or sub-lethal for this bacterium and lead to various changes in its characteristics. http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-92-en.pdf 2016-10-09 11 17 Listeria monocytogenes Cell Biology Environment Stress Physiological Samaneh Kazemi samaneh.kazemi@ymail.com 1 Vice-chancellor of Research and Technology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran AUTHOR Mohammad Faezi-Ghasemi 2 Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan Branch, Lahijan, Iran AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Preparation of Proper Culture Medium for Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii with Molasses and Animal Serum Introduction: The purpose of this study was formulation and preparation of a proper culture medium for Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii with molasses and animal serum. Methods: A fully-crossed factorial design contain 5%, 10% and 20% of molasses (M) with 0, 1% and 5% animal serum (S) was used in this study. The pH of all culture medias were adjusted to 5.6 with acetic acid. The seed was consisted of 106 yeast particles which was added to culture media. The inoculated medias were incubated at 37°C for 48 h and the mean yeast counts was recorded. Results: The mean of yeast counts for 5% M+0% S, 5% M+1% S, 5% M+5% S, 10% M+0% S, 10% M+1% S, 10% M+5% S, 20% M+0% S, 20% M+1% S, 20% M+5% S were 273333±20033, 228666±34428, 317333±170485, 499333±100425, 516000±38314, 514666±107057, 499333±100425, 516000±38314 and 514666±107057 particles in ml, respectively. In order to optimize culture medium, vitamins and vitamins in combination with minerals (at a concentration of 0.5%) were added to the optimal concentration of molasses and serum. Conclusion: Statistical analysis with ANOVA test showed that the growth rate of yeast in 10% molasses plus 1% serum had a significant difference with 5% and 10% molasses in solid medium or 5% molasses supplemented with 1% serum (p< 0.05). The addition of vitamins and minerals did not yield significant growth. Therefore, it can be concluded that the combination of molasses and serum may be able to provide basic requirements of the yeast S. cerevisiae var. boulardii. http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-93-en.pdf 2016-11-27 18 22 Serum Molasses Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii. Mahdi Salimi sku.msalimi@yahoo.com 1 AUTHOR Mohamadreza Mahzonieh mehdisalimi69@yahoo.com 2 AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE A Comparison between Culture and Multiplex PCR for Detection and Identification of Shigella Species in Patients with Shigellosis from Isfahan Province in 2014-2015 Introduction: Awareness of the species of Shigella has particular importance in the way of dealing with an outbreak, controlling it, and treating patients. The purpose of this study was to use the Multiplex PCR method and comparison with the culture method to detect Shigella species, as well as analysing the antibiotic resistance pattern in its different species. Methods: Simultaneously, the fecal samples of the patients with diarrhea and a sample from each patient in Cary-Blair medium were sent to the laboratory. Cultivation, serotyping, and antibiogram analysis were performed using the samples inoculated in the Cary-Blair medium. DNA extraction of the fecal samples and amplifying of invC, rfc, wbgZ, and rfpB genes were performed. Results: Totally, 300 samples from the patients were analyzed, out of which 240 Shigella isolated (80%) were detected using the culture method and serotyping, and 260 Shigella isolated (86.6%) using the PCR method (Shigella flexneri (77%), Shigella sonnei (19.2%), and Shigella dysenteriae (3.8%)). 20 samples suspicious of Shigella were observed in the culture method but were not identified by serotyping. However, in the PCR assay, they were identified as S. flexneri (n=16) and S. sonnei (n=4). The resistance of Shigella isolated to Co-trimoxazole was observed to be (78.3%), Ceftriaxone (42.5%), Cefixime (42%), Azithromycin (40.7%), Ofloxacin (34.5%), Nalidixic acid (25 %), and Ciprofloxacin (16%). Conclusion: Due to annual outbreaks of various Shigella species in the country, it is recommended that the Multiplex PCR method, be used along with culture method in laboratories to identify Shigella isolated. The antibiogram results showed increasing resistance of Shigella to the available antibiotics. http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-96-en.pdf 2017-01-09 23 28 Shigella Diarrhea Antibiotics Multiplex PCR. Azam Fatahi ne_fatahi@yahoo.com 1 Food and water born diseses department ,isfahan provincial health center, isfahan university of medical sciences. AUTHOR Ali Ajami ali_ajami@yahoo.com 2 AUTHOR Mojgan Bozorgzad mojgan.bozorgzad@yahoo.com 3 AUTHOR Shahram Nekoeian nekoeian_sh@yahoo.com 4 AUTHOR Atefeh Khazeni khazeniat@yahoo.com 5 AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Genetic Characterization of Salmonella Typhimurium Isolates from Faeces of Children with Gastroenteritis Hospitalized in Baqiatollah-Azam Hospital, Tehran, Iran Introduction: In Iran, invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease causes severe bacteremic illness among children <5 years old. The global yearly incidence of iNTS disease in children was reported to be in the 3.4 (range  2.1-6.5) million cases,  (overall incidence 49 cases (range 30-94) per 100,000 population), the iNTS case-fatality ratio (CFR) of 20% yielded 681,316  deaths annually. Methods: The microarray analysis enables identification of the strains that have the 90kb Salmonella typhimurium virulence plasmid, presence or absence of the Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs), adherence factors and other  virulence determinants. Twelve isolates of S. typhimurium obtained from faeces of children with gastroenteritis were analyzed  by microarray technique. Results: The virulence plasmid was present in 83.33% of isolates and all the isolates contained the  SPI-4 and SPI-5. None of the strains had the cytolethal distending toxin, cdtB. All strains were positive for rck and mig-14. The adherence genes were present in all the strains in the range of  51.55%  to 73.20% of the adherence genes interrogated in the  microarray. Two strains were the least pathogenic S. typhimurium. Conclusion: Microarray analysis proved to be a valuable tool in confirmation of serotyping results and genetic characterization of S. Typhimurium. http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-97-en.pdf 2016-12-19 29 34 Salmonella typhimurium Gastroenteritis Microarray Analysis Hamid Staji hstaji@semnan.ac.ir 1 Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran. AUTHOR Alfreda Tonelli a.tonelli@izs.it 2 Istituto ‘‘G. Caporale’’, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy. AUTHOR Taghi Zahraei Salehi tsalehi@ut.ac.ir 3 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Mariangela Iorio m.iorio@izs.it 4 Istituto ‘‘G. Caporale’’, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy. AUTHOR Federica Lopes f.lopes@izs.it 5 Istituto ‘‘G. Caporale’’, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy. AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Clinical Isolates from Blood Samples in Iran Introduction: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a nosocomial multi drug resistant opportunistic pathogen which causes infections in vulnerable patients with cancer, cystic fibrosis and indwelling catheters. Methods: 45 clinical S. maltophilia isolates were collected from blood samples and identified by biochemical tests. Susceptibility to different antibiotics including co-trimoxazole, levofloxacin, minocycline, ticarcillin/clavulanic acid, chloramphenicol and ceftazidime were determined by disk diffusion and E-test methods. Results: All isolates were resistant to ceftazidime and susceptible to co-trimoxazole and  11.1% were resistant to ticarcillin/clavulanic acid. Conclusion: Ceftazidime as one of the extended spectrum β-lactams was the least effective antibiotic. Ticarcillin/clavulanic acid is one of the choosen antibiotics for S. maltophilia infections treatment. Here, we report tcarcillin/clavulanic acid resistance in S. maltophilia isolates for the first time in Iran. http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-102-en.pdf 2016-12-10 35 37 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Antimicrobial susceptibility Iran Amir Hesam Nemati Hesam.nemati@live.com 1 Bacteriology department, pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran AUTHOR Hamid Solgi 2 Bacteriology department, pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran AUTHOR Farzam Vaziri farzam_vaziri@yahoo.com 3 Tuberculosis and pulmonary research department, Pasteur institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran AUTHOR Fereshteh Shahcheraghi shahcheraghifereshteh@yahoo.com 4 Bacteriology department, pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran AUTHOR
REVIEW_ARTICLE Antimicrobial Activity of Lemon and Peppermint Essential oil in Edible Coating Containing Chitosan and Pectin on Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fillets Introduction: Essential oils are used as flavoring agents in various foods. Layer-by-Layer (LBL) technique is a method in which the material is dipped into a series of different solutions containing oppositely charged polyelectrolytes. The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of a multilayered edible coating with an antimicrobial compound (Lemon and Peppermint) in enhancing the quality and shelf-life of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during refrigerated storage (4 ± 1˚C) over a period of 16 days. Methods: In this study, multilayered coating was used with two concentrations of Lemon (LEO) and Peppermint (PEO) essential oils (0.5 and 1%). Antibacterial effect of these treatments was evaluated by enumeration of bacteria in special culture media. The control and the coated fish samples were analyzed periodically for pH and microbiological (total viable count, psychrotrophic count, lactic acid bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and coliform) characteristics. Results: The results obtained in this study demonstrate that multilayered coating in combination with Lemon and Peppermint essential oils can significantly decrease the number of bacteria and delay the spoilage of the samples (p<0.05). Conclusion: Multilayered edible coating with an antimicrobial compound can properly delay the growth of spoilage microorganisms and prolong the shelf life of meat products. http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-104-en.pdf 2017-02-04 38 43 Lemon Peppermint Rainbow Trout Essential Oil. Leila Tabatabaei Moradi leila94132@yahoo.com 1 AUTHOR Anousheh Sharifan a_sharifan2000@yahoo.com 2 AUTHOR Kambiz Larijani klarijani@yahoo.com 3 AUTHOR