@article{ author = {Farahnak, Ali and Amni, Fariba and Golmohammadi, Taghi and Eshraghian, Mohammad Reza and MolaeiRad, Mohammad Bagher}, title = {The Effect of Triclabendazole on ALT Enzyme activity in Fasciola hepatica helminths and parasitized sheep liver tissues}, abstract ={Introduction: To determine an indicator for Triclabendazole (TCBZ) efficacy, Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity in Fasciola hepatica (Iranian isolate) parasite in presence and absence of TCBZ was evaluated by an in vitro cultivation method. Also, ALT enzyme activity between none and parasitized-infected sheep liver tissues was assessed. Method:  The sheep livers were collected and transferred immediately to the Department of Parasitology. Adult living parasites were recovered, washed and divided into two groups, treatment and control groups with 10 parasites in each. We added 15 μg TCBZ to the treatment group; then incubated both groups for 4 h at 37ºC. The parasites, infected and parasite free liver tissues were ground and homogenized by a Mortar and pestle, centrifuged, and supernatants were recovered. Protein concentration and ALT enzyme activity were measured in the supenatants. Results: The results of ALT enzyme activity assay showed 0.03 U/ml/mg protein for treated F. hepatica and 0.01 U/ml/mg protein for untreated samples, the mean values of difference was not significant (p>0.05). The difference between ALT activity in none and parasitized-infected liver was not significant (p>0.05). However, two-sample T-test analysis showed higher ALT activity in treated and untreated parasite in comparison with none and parasitized-infected liver specimens (p<0.05). In addition to ALT protein band for parasite and liver tissue, Cathepsin enzyme (proteases) was detected for parasite by SDS-PAGE analysis. Conclusion: ALT activity cannot be considered as a useful marker for TCBZ efficacy in F. hepatica treatment. However, ALT enzyme showed comparable activities in parasite and its host liver tissue.}, Keywords = {Alanine Aminotransferase, Fasciola hepatica, Egaten®, Triclabendazole, Liver}, volume = {3}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-5}, publisher = {Pasteur Institute of Iran}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-81-en.html}, eprint = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-81-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, issn = {2345-5349}, eissn = {2345-5330}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Gharibi, Darioush and Khosravi, Mohammad and Hosseini, Zohreh and Boroun, Fatemeh and Barzgar, Seyedeh Kolsum and ForughiFar, Ali}, title = {Antibacterial Effects of Aloe Vera Extracts on some Human and Animal Bacterial Pathogens}, abstract ={Introduction: Aloe Vera compounds have inhibitory activity on fungi, bacteria, and viruses. This study examines the antibacterial activity of A. Vera purified extracts including gel, boiled skin, boiled gel, and distilled extract against pathogenic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were elucidated. Method: The bacterial strains were collected from veterinary hospital. Freshly collected A. vera leaves were used for the juice extraction of gel, skin and distilled extracts. Antibacterial effects of various A. Vera extracts were evaluated using broth microdilution method. The crude polysaccharides of boiled skin extract were purified by phenol method; and fractionated by anion exchange chromatography. For each bacterium, minimum inhibitory concentration of various A. Vera extracts was determined. The protein expression changes of treated bacteria were detected by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. Results: The distillate extract exhibited more antibacterial effects than other extracts. Out of seven-carbohydrate fractions of the skin extract, the fractions 6 and 7 had antibacterial effects on S. aureus and MRSA at 0.089 and 0.134 mg/ml, respectively; also fraction 5 showed antibacterial effects on MRSA at 0.113 mg/ml concentration. The protein profiles of these strains before and after treatment with A. Vera showed significant differences at 175, 60, 200 and 70 kDa protein bands of S. aureus, MRSA, P. aeruginosa and K. pneumonia, respectively. Conclusion: This finding showed that the distillate extract despite the minimal amount of carbohydrate and protein was more efficient against both Gram-positive and Gram negative bacteria.}, Keywords = {Aloe Vera, Extracts, Antibacterial}, volume = {3}, Number = {1}, pages = {6-10}, publisher = {Pasteur Institute of Iran}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-88-en.html}, eprint = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-88-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, issn = {2345-5349}, eissn = {2345-5330}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Kazemi, Samaneh and Faezi-Ghasemi, Mohamm}, title = {An In Vitro Study on Impact of Environmental Stresses on Growth, Morphological and Biochemical Features of Listeria monocytogenes PTCC 1297}, abstract ={Introduction: Listeria monocytogenes is a serious concern for the food industry due to its high case fatality rate, widespread distribution, ability to survive a wide variety of food processing conditions, and the severity of the illness associated with this pathogen infection. The objective of this study was to determine the growth, cell morphology and biochemical characteristics of L. monocytogenes PTCC 1297 (Serotype 4a) under selected environmental stresses. Method: The environmental stresses were acid stress (HCl, pH 2.0-6.0), alkaline stress (NaOH, pH 8.0-12.0), ethanol stress (5.0%-25.0% vol/vol), oxidative stress (H2O2, 0.06%-6.0% vol/vol), osmotic stress (NaCl and sucrose, 2.0%-30.0% wt/vol) and heat stress (40-60°C). All stresses were applied to the exponential phase bacteria whereas non-stressed exponential phase cells served as a control and the cells were allowed to grow for 24 h. For evaluating the growth of L. monocytogenes PTCC 1297 after inoculation procedure and exposure of cells to selected stresses we used colony count method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was implemented to visualize the external appearance of the bacteria. Results: According to the results, the bacteria at pH≤4 and pH≥10 achieved by HCl and, NaOH, respectively, died. Also, concentrations ethanol at ≥15% vol/vol, H2O2 ≥0.3% vol/vol, NaCl ≥14% wt/vol, and heat ≥50°C were lethal for the bacteria. Unlike other stresses, sucrose did not kill bacteria but decreased their growth. The phenotypical and biochemical characteristics of them changed when exposed to each stress. Conclusion: Different doses of various stresses were either lethal or sub-lethal for this bacterium and lead to various changes in its characteristics.}, Keywords = {Listeria monocytogenes, Cell Biology, Environment, Stress Physiological}, volume = {3}, Number = {1}, pages = {11-17}, publisher = {Pasteur Institute of Iran}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-92-en.html}, eprint = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-92-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, issn = {2345-5349}, eissn = {2345-5330}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Salimi, Mahdi and Mahzonieh, Mohamadrez}, title = {Preparation of Proper Culture Medium for Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii with Molasses and Animal Serum}, abstract ={Introduction: The purpose of this study was formulation and preparation of a proper culture medium for Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii with molasses and animal serum. Methods: A fully-crossed factorial design contain 5%, 10% and 20% of molasses (M) with 0, 1% and 5% animal serum (S) was used in this study. The pH of all culture medias were adjusted to 5.6 with acetic acid. The seed was consisted of 106 yeast particles which was added to culture media. The inoculated medias were incubated at 37°C for 48 h and the mean yeast counts was recorded. Results: The mean of yeast counts for 5% M+0% S, 5% M+1% S, 5% M+5% S, 10% M+0% S, 10% M+1% S, 10% M+5% S, 20% M+0% S, 20% M+1% S, 20% M+5% S were 273333±20033, 228666±34428, 317333±170485, 499333±100425, 516000±38314, 514666±107057, 499333±100425, 516000±38314 and 514666±107057 particles in ml, respectively. In order to optimize culture medium, vitamins and vitamins in combination with minerals (at a concentration of 0.5%) were added to the optimal concentration of molasses and serum. Conclusion: Statistical analysis with ANOVA test showed that the growth rate of yeast in 10% molasses plus 1% serum had a significant difference with 5% and 10% molasses in solid medium or 5% molasses supplemented with 1% serum (p< 0.05). The addition of vitamins and minerals did not yield significant growth. Therefore, it can be concluded that the combination of molasses and serum may be able to provide basic requirements of the yeast S. cerevisiae var. boulardii.}, Keywords = {Serum, Molasses, Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii.}, volume = {3}, Number = {1}, pages = {18-22}, publisher = {Pasteur Institute of Iran}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-93-en.html}, eprint = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-93-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, issn = {2345-5349}, eissn = {2345-5330}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Fatahi, Azam and Ajami, Ali and Bozorgzad, Mojgan and Nekoeian, Shahram and Khazeni, Atefeh}, title = {A Comparison between Culture and Multiplex PCR for Detection and Identification of Shigella Species in Patients with Shigellosis from Isfahan Province in 2014-2015}, abstract ={Introduction: Awareness of the species of Shigella has particular importance in the way of dealing with an outbreak, controlling it, and treating patients. The purpose of this study was to use the Multiplex PCR method and comparison with the culture method to detect Shigella species, as well as analysing the antibiotic resistance pattern in its different species. Methods: Simultaneously, the fecal samples of the patients with diarrhea and a sample from each patient in Cary-Blair medium were sent to the laboratory. Cultivation, serotyping, and antibiogram analysis were performed using the samples inoculated in the Cary-Blair medium. DNA extraction of the fecal samples and amplifying of invC, rfc, wbgZ, and rfpB genes were performed. Results: Totally, 300 samples from the patients were analyzed, out of which 240 Shigella isolated (80%) were detected using the culture method and serotyping, and 260 Shigella isolated (86.6%) using the PCR method (Shigella flexneri (77%), Shigella sonnei (19.2%), and Shigella dysenteriae (3.8%)). 20 samples suspicious of Shigella were observed in the culture method but were not identified by serotyping. However, in the PCR assay, they were identified as S. flexneri (n=16) and S. sonnei (n=4). The resistance of Shigella isolated to Co-trimoxazole was observed to be (78.3%), Ceftriaxone (42.5%), Cefixime (42%), Azithromycin (40.7%), Ofloxacin (34.5%), Nalidixic acid (25 %), and Ciprofloxacin (16%). Conclusion: Due to annual outbreaks of various Shigella species in the country, it is recommended that the Multiplex PCR method, be used along with culture method in laboratories to identify Shigella isolated. The antibiogram results showed increasing resistance of Shigella to the available antibiotics.}, Keywords = {Shigella, Diarrhea, Antibiotics, Multiplex PCR.}, volume = {3}, Number = {1}, pages = {23-28}, publisher = {Pasteur Institute of Iran}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-96-en.html}, eprint = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-96-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, issn = {2345-5349}, eissn = {2345-5330}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Staji, Hamid and Tonelli, Alfreda and ZahraeiSalehi, Taghi and Iorio, Mariangela and Lopes, Federic}, title = {Genetic Characterization of Salmonella Typhimurium Isolates from Faeces of Children with Gastroenteritis Hospitalized in Baqiatollah-Azam Hospital, Tehran, Iran}, abstract ={Introduction: In Iran, invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease causes severe bacteremic illness among children <5 years old. The global yearly incidence of iNTS disease in children was reported to be in the 3.4 (range  2.1-6.5) million cases,  (overall incidence 49 cases (range 30-94) per 100,000 population), the iNTS case-fatality ratio (CFR) of 20% yielded 681,316  deaths annually. Methods: The microarray analysis enables identification of the strains that have the 90kb Salmonella typhimurium virulence plasmid, presence or absence of the Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs), adherence factors and other  virulence determinants. Twelve isolates of S. typhimurium obtained from faeces of children with gastroenteritis were analyzed  by microarray technique. Results: The virulence plasmid was present in 83.33% of isolates and all the isolates contained the  SPI-4 and SPI-5. None of the strains had the cytolethal distending toxin, cdtB. All strains were positive for rck and mig-14. The adherence genes were present in all the strains in the range of  51.55%  to 73.20% of the adherence genes interrogated in the  microarray. Two strains were the least pathogenic S. typhimurium. Conclusion: Microarray analysis proved to be a valuable tool in confirmation of serotyping results and genetic characterization of S. Typhimurium.}, Keywords = {Salmonella typhimurium, Gastroenteritis, Microarray Analysis}, volume = {3}, Number = {1}, pages = {29-34}, publisher = {Pasteur Institute of Iran}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-97-en.html}, eprint = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-97-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, issn = {2345-5349}, eissn = {2345-5330}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Nemati, Amir Hesam and Solgi, Hamid and Vaziri, Farzam and Shahcheraghi, Fereshteh}, title = {Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Clinical Isolates from Blood Samples in Iran}, abstract ={Introduction: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a nosocomial multi drug resistant opportunistic pathogen which causes infections in vulnerable patients with cancer, cystic fibrosis and indwelling catheters. Methods: 45 clinical S. maltophilia isolates were collected from blood samples and identified by biochemical tests. Susceptibility to different antibiotics including co-trimoxazole, levofloxacin, minocycline, ticarcillin/clavulanic acid, chloramphenicol and ceftazidime were determined by disk diffusion and E-test methods. Results: All isolates were resistant to ceftazidime and susceptible to co-trimoxazole and  11.1% were resistant to ticarcillin/clavulanic acid. Conclusion: Ceftazidime as one of the extended spectrum β-lactams was the least effective antibiotic. Ticarcillin/clavulanic acid is one of the choosen antibiotics for S. maltophilia infections treatment. Here, we report tcarcillin/clavulanic acid resistance in S. maltophilia isolates for the first time in Iran.}, Keywords = {Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Antimicrobial susceptibility, Iran}, volume = {3}, Number = {1}, pages = {35-37}, publisher = {Pasteur Institute of Iran}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-102-en.html}, eprint = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-102-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, issn = {2345-5349}, eissn = {2345-5330}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {TabatabaeiMoradi, Leila and Sharifan, Anousheh and Larijani, Kambiz}, title = {Antimicrobial Activity of Lemon and Peppermint Essential oil in Edible Coating Containing Chitosan and Pectin on Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fillets}, abstract ={Introduction: Essential oils are used as flavoring agents in various foods. Layer-by-Layer (LBL) technique is a method in which the material is dipped into a series of different solutions containing oppositely charged polyelectrolytes. The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of a multilayered edible coating with an antimicrobial compound (Lemon and Peppermint) in enhancing the quality and shelf-life of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during refrigerated storage (4 ± 1˚C) over a period of 16 days. Methods: In this study, multilayered coating was used with two concentrations of Lemon (LEO) and Peppermint (PEO) essential oils (0.5 and 1%). Antibacterial effect of these treatments was evaluated by enumeration of bacteria in special culture media. The control and the coated fish samples were analyzed periodically for pH and microbiological (total viable count, psychrotrophic count, lactic acid bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and coliform) characteristics. Results: The results obtained in this study demonstrate that multilayered coating in combination with Lemon and Peppermint essential oils can significantly decrease the number of bacteria and delay the spoilage of the samples (p<0.05). Conclusion: Multilayered edible coating with an antimicrobial compound can properly delay the growth of spoilage microorganisms and prolong the shelf life of meat products.}, Keywords = {Lemon, Peppermint, Rainbow Trout, Essential Oil.}, volume = {3}, Number = {1}, pages = {38-43}, publisher = {Pasteur Institute of Iran}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-104-en.html}, eprint = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-104-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, issn = {2345-5349}, eissn = {2345-5330}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Jahanbakhsh, Fatemeh and Eybpoosh, Sana and Mostafavi, Ehsan and Haghdoost, AliAkbar and Azadmanesh, Kayh}, title = {Molecular Epidemiology of HIV-1 in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan}, abstract ={We conducted this study to obtain a comprehensive picture of molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in three neighboring countries, i.e. Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan as a basis for discussing possible hypothesis regarding between-country virus transmission. Our results showed that subtype composition differs between these countries with more variation in Pakistan than Iran and Afghanistan. The CRF35-AD clade was predominant in Afghanistan and Iran while the A1 subtype was predominant in Pakistan. HIV-1 sequences obtained from Pakistan (belonging either to B, A1, or CRF35_AD clades)  did not group with the sequences obtained from Afghanistan and Iran. However, CRF35_AD clades from Afghanistan made two significant clusters with those strains from Iran. The results also showed that CRF35_AD clades from Afghanistan had more diversity than those in Iran suggesting its older presence in this country. Putting these findings together and considering drug trafficking/immigration events from Afghanistan to Iran we hypothesized that HIV epidemics might have been transmitted from Iran to Afghanistan. However, the reverse order might also be true but with less support from the existing evidence. There was no indication of Iran-Pakistan HIV transmission. Performing sophisticated evolutionary analysis is needed to test these hypotheses about the origin and transmission pattern of the virus among these countries.}, Keywords = {Molecular Epidemiology, HIV-I, Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan}, volume = {3}, Number = {3}, pages = {44-47}, publisher = {Pasteur Institute of Iran}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-117-en.html}, eprint = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-117-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, issn = {2345-5349}, eissn = {2345-5330}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Payala, Vijayalakshmi and Hanumantha, Sreedevi and HemaPrakashKumari, Pilli}, title = {Point Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection among Adolescents in Visakhapatnam, India}, abstract ={Introduction: Occurrence of detectable amounts of viral antigen or viral particles in the blood of infected patients with Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a significant characteristic of HBV infection. Detection of HBV antigen or its DNA among individuals of a community is a crucial factor to know the burden of HBV infection. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is a suitable marker of HBV infection but a poor indicator of infectivity since its presence is not a direct measure of the presence of viable virions. Hence the tests for the detection of HBV DNA or HBsAg are used. The measurement of HBV DNA in serum has become the main tool to identify viral load, to monitor patients’ therapy and to predict whether antiviral therapy would be successful or not. Methods: The present study was designated to identify HBV infected individuals among adolescent age group by using combined methods namely, rapid immunoassay technique for HBsAg detection (HEPACARD) and Conventional Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR) analysis for HBV DNA detection. Results: Serum samples from 39 patients suspected of HBV infection were tested for the presence of HBsAg and HBV DNA. Eight specimens (20%) were positive for HBsAg as well as HBV DNA using PCR reaction. The ratio of spectrophotometric analysis of the extracted DNA samples was between 1.80-1.92 indicating a highly purified DNA. The gel electrophoresis of amplified PCR products of HBV DNA revealed a single 524 bp band in the test samples. Conclusion: Screening for HBV infection among adolescents by HEPACARD and further confirmation by PCR is recommended to monitor the progression of the disease and antiviral treatment.}, Keywords = {Hepatitis B Virus, Viral DNA, HBsAg, PCR}, volume = {3}, Number = {3}, pages = {48-51}, publisher = {Pasteur Institute of Iran}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-105-en.html}, eprint = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-105-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, issn = {2345-5349}, eissn = {2345-5330}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Darudi, Susan and Mohebali, Mehdi and Hajjaran, Homa and Fata, Abdolmajiid and Kazemi-Rad, Elham and Raoofian, Rez}, title = {A Comparison Study between Parasitological and Molecular Methods for Diagnosis of Acute and Chronic Anthroponotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis}, abstract ={Introduction: Anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is still a major public health problem in the northeast and central parts of Iran. This study was designed to compare microscopy and cultivation methods with PCR amplification of kinetoplast DNA and ITS1 followed by RFLP analysis for diagnosis of acute and chronic ACL. Methods: In this study, 66 patients with ACL including 24 acute and 42 chronic forms were analyzed. Chronic forms (n=42) were divided into lupoid (n=18) and non-lupoid forms (n=24). The exudates from patient’s lesions were examined by parasitological and molecular methods. Results: Out of 24 acute ACL cases, 24 (100%), 20 (83.3%), 24 (100%) and 23 (95.8%) were positive with direct examination, cultivation, kDNA-PCR, and ITS1-PCR-RFLP, respectively; while among 42 chronic forms, 29 (69%), 12 (28.5%), 27 (64.2%) and 16 (38%) were positive with the above mentioned methods. The most positivity rate was obtained with the direct examination for all clinical forms of ACL. In comparison with the direct examination as a gold standard, the kDNA-PCR showed the highest sensitivity of 100% and 64.2% in the diagnosis of acute and chronic forms, followed by the ITS1-PCR with lower sensitivity (95.8% and 38%) and then cultivation (83.3% and 28.5%). Also, all of the Leishmania isolates were identified as Leishmania tropica based on clinical symptoms and molecular methods. Conclusion: Our results recommend application of direct examination for the diagnosis of both acute and chronic forms of ACL. Moreover, the molecular method using kDNA-PCR was proposed for the diagnosis of ACL; while ITS1-PCR-RFLP can be utilized as a useful technique for the Leishmania species identification of CL.}, Keywords = {Leishmania tropica, Acute, Chronic, Iran}, volume = {3}, Number = {3}, pages = {52-56}, publisher = {Pasteur Institute of Iran}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-74-en.html}, eprint = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-74-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, issn = {2345-5349}, eissn = {2345-5330}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Fakheri, Barat Ali and Bagheri, Samaneh and MahdiNezhad, Nafiseh}, title = {Comparison of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Four Different Tea Extracts}, abstract ={Introduction: Increasing of food-related diseases has led to the perception of diet importance. Plant-derived products (especially tea) as important sources of antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds play a major role in reducing food pathogens. In this study, total phenolic content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of four tea extracts including green tea, white, black and red teas were evaluated. Methods: The total phenolic amount was determined using Folin–Ciocalteu method and 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical (DPPH) method was used for antioxidant activity measurement. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of tea extracts against eight species of tested bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumonia, Saprophyticus Staphylococcus, Enterococcus faecali, Acinetobacter baumannii, Proteus mirabilis and Serratia marcescens) were evaluated by microdilution technique. Results: The results of this study showed that green tea and white tea extracts had the highest total phenolic content and antioxidant scavenging activity. Also, a strong positive correlation was observed between phenolic content and antioxidant activity in green tea and red tea. Conclusion: All four tea extracts showed inhibitions of several microorganisms. However, gram-negative bacteria were more resistant to inhibitory effects of tea extracts. As a result, non-fermented tea extracts showed more antioxidant activity and inhibition effect against tested bacteria.}, Keywords = {Antioxidants, Phenols, Plant extracts, Tea}, volume = {3}, Number = {3}, pages = {57-61}, publisher = {Pasteur Institute of Iran}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-101-en.html}, eprint = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-101-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, issn = {2345-5349}, eissn = {2345-5330}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Saberi, Matin and Zamani, Hojjatolah and Salehzadeh, Ali}, title = {Prevalence of IMP and VIM Metallo-Beta-Lactamases in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates from Clinical and Environmental Specimens in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) of Rasht Hospitals, Iran}, abstract ={Introduction: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections, and antibiotic resistance of this pathogen is an important concern in treating such infections. The current work was conducted to investigate the prevalence of bla-IMP, and bla-VIM metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) among clinical and environmental P. aeruginosa isolates obtained from ICUs of different hospitals in Rasht, Iran. Methods: A total number of 35 P. aeruginosa strains including 20 clinical and 15 environmental strains were isolated from ICUs. The isolated bacteria were screened for MBL production using Combined Disc Synergy Testing (CDST) assay. The frequency of bla-IMP and bla-VIM among MBL producing P. aeruginosa (MBL-PA) was investigated using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Also, the antibiotic susceptibility of all isolates was determined. Results: According to the results, 51% of isolates were regarded as MBL-PA while bla-IMP or bla-VIM genes were detected in 37% of isolates. The environmental isolates showed higher resistance to the majority of antibiotics compared to the clinical isolates, and MBL genes were more prevalent among environmental isolates. Conclusion: Higher resistance of environmental P. aeruginosa strains in ICUs shows a need to pursue newer approaches, including novel cleaning methods and surveillance programs, to reduce nosocomial infections.}, Keywords = {Carbapenems, Antibiotic resistance, Metallo-Beta-Lactamase, Nosocomial infection}, volume = {3}, Number = {3}, pages = {62-66}, publisher = {Pasteur Institute of Iran}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-116-en.html}, eprint = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-116-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, issn = {2345-5349}, eissn = {2345-5330}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Abbasi, Safiyeh and Zamanzad, Behnam}, title = {Detection of icaABCD Genes in Clinical Isolates of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Patients in Iran}, abstract ={Introduction: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important pathogen that causes several nosocomial or community-acquired infections. Adhesion to surfaces and subsequent biofilm formation are the major phases of a staphylococcal infection. The aim of this study was to detect the presence of icaABCD genes in clinical isolates of MRSA. Methods: A total of 110 clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates were collected from two teaching hospitals in Shahrekord (Hajar and Kashani hospitals). The MRSA isolates were detected by an antibiotic susceptibility test. A microtiter tissue plate assay was used to detect the phenotypic biofilm formation. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect the presence of icaABCD genes. Results: The microtiter plate assay results showed that attachment abilities were strong in 26 (23.6%) strains, moderate in 30 (27.2%) strains, and weak in 16 (14.54%) strains. The prevalence of the icaA, icaB, icaC, and icaD genes among the studied isolates were as follows: 42 isolates were icaA positive (38.18%), 34 icaB positive (30.9%), 46 icaC positive (41.8%), and 50 were icaD positive (45.4%). Conclusion: The high prevalence of icaA/D harboring S. aureus among the clinical isolates suggests that the risk of persistent infections in the hospital settings is considerably high.}, Keywords = {Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, icaABCD}, volume = {3}, Number = {3}, pages = {67-70}, publisher = {Pasteur Institute of Iran}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-91-en.html}, eprint = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-91-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, issn = {2345-5349}, eissn = {2345-5330}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Mobaiyen, Haedeh and NasarollahPour, Maisam and Elmi, Franak}, title = {Phytochemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Trachyspermum copticum L. essential oil, East Azerbaijan, Iran}, abstract ={Introduction: The aim of this study was to characterize the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Trachyspermum copticum essential oil (EO). Methods: The chemical composition of seed samples obtained from Mianeh city in East Azerbaijan, was assessed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by disc diffusion method against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), other extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) producing, as well as Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of EO was assessed using agar dilution method. Results: Thirteen monoterpene hydrocarbons (57.6%) and oxygenated monoterpenes (42.4%) compounds were identified in the EO, of which, 3 compounds, including thymol, m-cymene, and, γ-terpinene were the major components of the EO with quantities of 41.9, 33.53, and 20.42%, respectively. The EO showed antimicrobial activity against ten microorganisms, especially Streptococcus sanguis, S. aureus (MRSA strain), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-producing strain), which was potentially better than tetracycline and kanamycin. Conclusion: This study confirmed that EO of T. copticum has in vitro antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, which has made it an alternative antibacterial agent.}, Keywords = {Phytochemicals, Trachyspermum copticum, Essential Oil}, volume = {3}, Number = {3}, pages = {71-74}, publisher = {Pasteur Institute of Iran}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-103-en.html}, eprint = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-103-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, issn = {2345-5349}, eissn = {2345-5330}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Pasdar, Hoda and Foroughifar, Naser and HedayatiSaghavaz, Bahare}, title = {Investigation into the Antibacterial Activity of Metal Complexes Derived from Substituted Chromone in Comparison with Tetracycline, and Cephradine as Standard Drugs against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus}, abstract ={Introduction: The chemistry of metal complexes derived from heterocyclic compounds has attracted considerable interest due to the broad range of pharmacological activities of such compounds. The important pathogens such as Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus are wildly caused many diseases. So antibacterial activity of Zn (Ⅱ), Ni (Ⅱ), Co (Ⅱ) and Cu (Ⅱ) chromone complexes against two kinds of bacteria was established. Methods: In this study, antibacterial activity of metal complexes derived from 2-amino-7, 7-dimethyl-5-oxo-4-methylbenzen5, 6, 7, 8-tetra hydro-4H-chromone-3-carbonitrile were studied.  The metal complexes were characterized by FTIR, UV-Vis and Mass spectroscopy. Antibacterial effect of these compounds was evaluated by disc diffusion and micro broth dilution methods. Results: The results obtained in this study demonstrate that all the complexes have square planner geometry with the stoichiometry 1:2 (Metal: Ligand). Among the tested compounds the most effective compound was the Cu complex with MIC value of 62.5 mg/mL against E. coli and 125 mg/mL against S. aureus. Conclusion: The results of these studies show that metal the metal complexes had higher antibacterial activity against species when compared to parent ligand.}, Keywords = {Heterocyclic Compounds, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus}, volume = {3}, Number = {3}, pages = {75-79}, publisher = {Pasteur Institute of Iran}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-111-en.html}, eprint = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-111-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, issn = {2345-5349}, eissn = {2345-5330}, year = {2015} }