@article{ author = {Mostafavi, Ehsan and Eftekhari, Zohre and Jabbari, Nazanin and Gheibi, Paris}, title = {Transmission of COVID-19 between Animals and Humans: A challenge for the Scientists}, abstract ={In recent decades, some 30 new human pathogens have been identified, of which 75% were spillovers from animals. In late 2019, human infections with a new coronavirus from an unknown origin emerged in China and later spread worldwide. The zoonotic source of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 remains unknown, and there is only some limited information about the close association between the first human cases of COVID-19 and visiting animal markets. Now, bats and pangolins are suspected as natural hosts, and large cats, raccoon dogs, dogs, minks, ferrets, and pangolins as intermediate hosts.  There is not enough evidence to prove that animals can transmit COVID-19 infection to humans, but there are some data about the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 between humans and some animal species.}, Keywords = {Animal,Covid19,spillover}, volume = {9}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-4}, publisher = {Pasteur Institute of Iran}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.52547/JoMMID.9.1.1}, url = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-282-en.html}, eprint = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-282-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, issn = {2345-5349}, eissn = {2345-5330}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Shahdadi, Fatemeh and Payandeh, Maryam and SalehiSardoei, Ali}, title = {Comparison of Antioxidant Activity of Dracocephalum polychaetum Bornm and Nepeta cataria L. and Their Effect on Probiotic Bacteria in a Simulated Gastrointestinal Environment}, abstract ={Introduction: Dracocephalum polychaetum Bornm and Nepeta cataria L. are two plants from the Lamiaceae family with antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties. This study evaluated the phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and effect of aqueous extracts on the survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium animalis in a simulated gastrointestinal environment. Method: The aerial parts of plants were collected at the vegetative growth stage from the Hanza-Kuh's highlands in the Bahr Asman region of Jiroft city, Iran, in spring 2018. The total phenolic content of plants and antioxidant activity were measured using Folin–Ciocalteau and DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) methods, respectively. For investigating the survival of probiotic bacteria in a simulated gastrointestinal environment, bacterial suspension was inserted into tubes containing 0, 100, 250, 500, and 1000 ppm of extracts and then incubated in a simulated gastrointestinal environment. The probiotic bacteria were counted using an MRS agar medium at various incubation times. Results: The results showed that the amount of total phenolic compounds in the D. polychaetum Bornm extract (44.55 mg/g dry matter) was higher than that of N. cataria L. (18.37 mg/g dry matter). With increased extracts concentrations, the percentage of DPPH-free radicals increased, and D. polychaetum Bornm extract in all concentrations showed higher DPPH free radical inhibitory content compared to the N. cataria L. extract. The viability results in the same gastrointestinal environment showed that samples containing N. cataria extract had a more remarkable survival rate than the controls and D. polychaetum Bornm extract. Conclusion: Using less than 500 ppm of D. polychaetum Bornm and N. cataria L. aqueous extracts can increase probiotic bacteria growth and viability.}, Keywords = {Dracocephalum polychaetum Bornm, Nepeta cataria L., antioxidant activity, Probiotic bacteria}, volume = {9}, Number = {1}, pages = {5-11}, publisher = {Pasteur Institute of Iran}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.52547/JoMMID.9.1.5}, url = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-293-en.html}, eprint = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-293-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, issn = {2345-5349}, eissn = {2345-5330}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Dowran, Razieh and Hosseini, Seyed Younes and Fattahi, Mohammad Reza and Sarvari, Jamal}, title = {The Effect of Silibinin on the Expression of TLR7, ISG15, and SOCS1 in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Hepatitis C Infected Patients in Comparison with Interferon-α}, abstract ={Introduction: Silibinin (silibinin A) is the most active silymarin component, which acts both as a hepatoprotective [1] and an antiviral agent. The present study investigated the silibinin effect on IFN-related innate immune genes in PBMCs from HCV-infected patients. Method: 22 chronic HCV patients, including 10 IFN responders and 12 non-responders, were included. Their isolated PBMCs were treated for 6 hours in the presence of silibinin, IFN-α, or their combination. The transcription level of TLR7, ISG15, and SOCS1 genes was compared using real-time PCR. Result: Our result showed that IFN-α induced a significant up-regulation of TLR7 and ISG15 in PBMCs of both responder and non-responder groups. Nevertheless, the SOCS1 gene was not significantly changed in the non-responder group (P=0.32). The combination of IFNα- and silibinin showed a similar pattern to IFN-α alone. By itself, silibinin did not leave a significant change on the expression level of the studied genes. Conclusion: The results indicated that silibinin did not enhance or suppress the expression level of TLR7, ISG15, and SOCS1 genes.  Therefore, it has been suggested that its anti-inflammatory role might be devoid of IFN pathways.}, Keywords = {HCV, Silibinin, Interferon, ISG15, SOCS1}, volume = {9}, Number = {1}, pages = {12-16}, publisher = {Pasteur Institute of Iran}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.52547/JoMMID.9.1.12}, url = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-279-en.html}, eprint = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-279-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, issn = {2345-5349}, eissn = {2345-5330}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {KaradagGecgel, Sanem}, title = {Comparison of HBV-DNA Levels with Biochemical and Microbiological Parameters for Chronic Hepatitis Evaluation, Bursa, Turkey}, abstract ={Introduction: HBV-DNA levels are used to diagnose chronic hepatitis B (CHB) disease, determine the infection phase, decide on the treatment, and determine the disease course. We aimed to compare the microbiological and biochemical parameters of patients followed up with chronic hepatitis B pre-diagnosis in our hospital according to their HBV-DNA levels. Methods: HBV-DNA levels were analyzed with the Real-Time PCR method in blood samples of 500 pre-diagnosed CHB patients between February-June 2018, retrospectively. The biochemical parameters of the patients were measured by an automatic biochemical immunoassay analyzer (Beckman Coulter DXI 800, USA), and the microbiological parameters of patients were determined by an automatic analyzer (Roche Cobas 6000, Germany). The differences between the values of biochemical and microbiological parameters of patients were determined according to HBV-DNA. Results: Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was higher in patients with hepatitis B virus-DNA (HBV-DNA)>20000 IU/mL than patients with negative HBV-DNA, HBV-DNA<2000 IU/mL, and HBV-DNA 2000-20000 IU/mL (P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.01). Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) was lower in patients with HBV-DNA ranging from 2000-20000 IU/mL than HBV-DNA negative patients, HBV-DNA<2000 IU/mL and HBV-DNA>20000 IU/mL (P<0.05). Albumin was lower in patients with  HBV-DNA>20000 IU/mL than patients with HBV-DNA 2000-20000 IU/mL and HBV-DNA<2000 IU/mL (P<0.01). Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) levels were higher in patients with HBV-DNA 2000-20000 IU/mL than HBV-DNA negative patients, and patients with HBV-DNA<2000 IU/mL and HBV-DNA>20000 IU/mL (P<0.05, P<0.05, P<0.05). Albumin was individually correlated with the HBV-DNA by 2.9%, negatively (P<0.01). Conclusion: MCV, GGT, albumin, HBsAg levels might be used as indicators to diagnose CHB disease, establish the infection phase, decide the treatment, and determine the course of the disease together with HBV-DNA levels.}, Keywords = {Biomarker, HBV-DNA, Hepatitis B}, volume = {9}, Number = {1}, pages = {17-24}, publisher = {Pasteur Institute of Iran}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.52547/JoMMID.9.1.17}, url = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-322-en.html}, eprint = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-322-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, issn = {2345-5349}, eissn = {2345-5330}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Rahpeyma, Mehdi and Bashar, Rouzbeh}, title = {Evaluation of Multiplicity of Infection (MOI) and Harvesting Time on the Production of CVS-11 Strain of Rabies Virus in BSR Cell Line}, abstract ={Introduction: Rabies is a zoonotic fatal viral disease caused by the rabies virus of the genus Lyssavirus, and the family Rhabdoviridae. Challenge virus standard (CVS-11) strain of rabies virus is a key element in rabies reference laboratories, as many gold-standard tests depend on a suitable titer of this strain for interpretation of results. The present study investigated the optimal CVS-11 production in BSR cells (a clone of BHK-21). Methods: We analyzed the kinetic growth of BSR cells in a T-flask and inoculated BSR cells with different MOI of CVS-11 strain of rabies virus, and harvested the produced virus at different time points.  Results: Our data showed that BSR cells had a doubling time of around 24-30 h, and at least 95% of cells kept their viability three days after culture. The virus reached the highest titer when the cells were infected at an MOI of 0.1 in DMEM medium, equal to 1.5 × 107 fluorescent focus units (FFU)/ml. Time-course analysis of CVS-11 titer showed that the highest titer was achieved around 72 h post-infection. All tests were performed in triplicate. Conclusion: Since producing the virus in mammalian cell culture is an expensive and complicated method, optimizing the virus production process may be an excellent strategy to lower the cost, save the laboratory resources and maximize productivity.}, Keywords = {Rabies, Virus, CVS-11, Cell Culture, MOI}, volume = {9}, Number = {1}, pages = {25-31}, publisher = {Pasteur Institute of Iran}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.52547/JoMMID.9.1.25}, url = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-341-en.html}, eprint = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-341-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, issn = {2345-5349}, eissn = {2345-5330}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {HeidarNejadi, Seyede Manizhe and abdoli, Amir}, title = {Contamination of Raw Herbs with Parasitic Protozoa and Helminths in Shushtar City, Southwestern Iran}, abstract ={Introduction: Intestinal parasites are among the most prevalent foodborne diseases worldwide, and raw vegetables and herbs are among the primary sources of human infection by these parasites. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of parasitic contamination of fresh herbs in Shushtar, Khuzestan Province, Southwest of Iran. Methods: In this study, 129 herb samples from various farms were collected and washed with water. The washing waters were centrifuged, and the resulting sediments were examined by formol-ether concentration and Sheather's sugar flotation procedure, as well as a wet smear and Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Results: Among the 129 samples, 73.6% (n=95) showed contamination with at least one parasite, including trophozoite like amoebae (52.6%), followed by Giardia lamblia (14.7%), Cryptosporidium spp. (2.1%), Blastocystis sp. (21%), free-living nematodes larvae (3.1%), Trichostrongilid nematodes (1.05%), Ascaris lumericoids eggs (2.1%), Hymenolepis spp. (2.1%) and Taeniid eggs (1.05%). Conclusion: A high prevalence rate of parasitic contaminations of herbs in Shushtar necessitates proper washing of herbs and vegetables by consumers to prevent parasitic infections.}, Keywords = {Helminths, Protozoa, herbs, Shushtar, Iran}, volume = {9}, Number = {1}, pages = {32-37}, publisher = {Pasteur Institute of Iran}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.52547/JoMMID.9.1.32}, url = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-272-en.html}, eprint = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-272-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, issn = {2345-5349}, eissn = {2345-5330}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Allahyari, Mojgan and amiri, Samira and Vatanara, Alireza and Golkar, Maji}, title = {Protection and Immune Responses Elicited by rSAG1-PLGA Nanoparticles in C57BL/6 Against Toxoplasma gondii}, abstract ={Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate rSAG1-PLGA efficacy as a particulate vaccine in conferring protection against Toxoplasma gondii infection in C57BL/6 mice. In light of our previous studies, we studied mice genotype role in eliciting immune responses by rSAG1-PLGA nanoparticles in this study. Methods: Poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles loaded by rSAG1 as a subunit vaccine were prepared, and C57BL/6 mice were subcutaneously immunized twice at a 3-week interval by rSAG1-PLGA, soluble rSAG1, blank PLGA, and one group kept unvaccinated. The characteristics of PLGA nanoparticles, the amounts of produced IFN-γ, IL-10, specific anti-ToxoplasmaIgGs, and the conferred protection against infection by T. gondii RH tachyzoite were assessed. Results: rSAG1-PLGA nanoparticles shared a z-average of about 450nm with negative Zeta potential. Compared with the negative control group, the mice vaccinated with rSAG1-PLGA nanoparticles produced significantly higher amounts of IFN-γ, specific anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies and higher titer of IgG2a, which resulted in longer survival times. Conclusion: The efficiency of rSAG1-PLGA nanoparticles in inducing humoral and cellular responses and consequently partial protection against acute toxoplasmosis in C57BL/6 was confirmed.}, Keywords = {: rSAG1-PLGA, Toxoplasma gondii, vaccine, C57BL/6, nanoparticles}, volume = {9}, Number = {1}, pages = {38-45}, publisher = {Pasteur Institute of Iran}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.52547/JoMMID.9.1.38}, url = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-340-en.html}, eprint = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-340-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, issn = {2345-5349}, eissn = {2345-5330}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Habibi-Pirkoohi, Maziar and Shahriari, Amir Ghaffar and GhodoumParizipour, Mohamad Hame}, title = {Transient Gene Expression: an Approach for Recombinant Vaccine Production}, abstract ={The production of recombinant vaccines in green plants is an attractive and promising topic in genetic engineering. However, the stable transformation of green plants is a time-consuming, costly, and labor-intensive practice. Moreover, public concerns about genetically modified plants put another limitation on the development and release of transgenic plant-based recombinant vaccines. These shortcomings were addressed by developing transient gene expression systems that allow researchers to investigate candidate recombinant vaccines quickly without tedious work and high costs. A comprehensive literature review was used to gather relevant information. This approach has received much attention in various recombinant vaccine production platforms, including mammalian cell culture, insect cell culture, yeast expression systems, and, more importantly, in plant hosts. Due to their simplicity and efficiency, transient gene expression systems are now widely used to validate gene constructs and transgene expression within plant tissues. This paper describes the concept of transient gene expression and discusses the significant advantages of this approach for producing recombinant vaccines. Notably, the major types of transient gene expression viz. agroinfiltration, viral-based systems, and application of naked plasmid in plant cell culture are introduced, and some examples illustrate the pros and cons of each system. Our literature review also discusses some practical notes on the successful application of this system to provide a more comprehensive image of transient gene expression applicability in green plants. As a whole, this review contributes to the existing literature by shedding more light on various aspects of transient gene expression that have not been addressed thoroughly yet.}, Keywords = {Transient gene expression, agroinfiltration, viral vector, magnifection}, volume = {9}, Number = {1}, pages = {46-54}, publisher = {Pasteur Institute of Iran}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.52547/JoMMID.9.1.46}, url = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-334-en.html}, eprint = {http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-334-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases}, issn = {2345-5349}, eissn = {2345-5330}, year = {2021} }