en Microbial pathogenesis Microbial pathogenesis Review article Review article <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Introduction</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">: The escalating use of antibiotics in livestock production has emerged as a primary driver of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), threatening both human and animal health globally. <b>Methods</b>: This narrative review synthesizes published literature from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar (2000-2026) on antibiotic resistance in food-producing animals and its implications for human health. <b>Results</b>: Our analysis reveals that approximately 73% of global antibiotic consumption occurs in food-producing animals, with consumption projected to reach 107,472 tons by 2030. We document alarming resistance rates in poultry isolates, including 44.4% amoxicillin resistance in <i>Campylobacter jejuni</i> and widespread colistin resistance mediated by <i>mcr</i> genes across multiple <i>Enterobacterales</i> species. Furthermore, we identify the emergence of critical resistance determinants (<i>tet(X4)</i>, <i>cfr</i>, <i>optrA</i>, <i>poxtA</i>) in livestock-associated bacteria that compromise last-resort antibiotics, including tigecycline and linezolid. The convergence of environmental contamination, food chain transmission, and horizontal gene transfer creates an interconnected resistance reservoir that demands urgent One Health interventions. <b>Conclusions</b>: This review synthesizes current knowledge on resistance mechanisms, transmission pathways, and mitigation strategies to inform evidence-based policy decisions. Addressing this crisis requires coordinated action across the human-animal-environment interface, including enhanced surveillance, antimicrobial stewardship, and investment in alternative strategies.</span></span></span></span></span></div> <br> &nbsp; Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), Livestock industry, Antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), Global dissemination of antimicrobial resistance, healthcare, Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, Horizontal gene transfer, Zoonotic transmission. 0 0 http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-758-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Sasan Karimzadeh sasankarimzadehganjalu@gmail.com 0009-0003-4386-7579 Yes Department of Biology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran Sonia Nasrolahi 0009-0008-2968-6559 No Department of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran