en Anti-microbial agents, resistance and treatment protocols Anti-microbial agents, resistance and treatment protocols Original article Original article <p><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: "Garamond",serif FONT-SIZE: 10pt mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-fareast-font-family: Batang mso-bidi-language: AR-SA mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: KO">Introduction</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: "Times New Roman",serif FONT-SIZE: 10pt mso-fareast-font-family: Batang mso-bidi-language: AR-SA mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: KO">:</span></strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: "Garamond",serif FONT-SIZE: 10pt mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-fareast-font-family: Batang mso-bidi-language: AR-SA mso-bidi-font-weight: bold mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: KO"> Natural products have been the most successful source of potential drug leads. One of them is lichens, which have been used since antiquity as natural</span><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: "Times New Roman",serif FONT-SIZE: 10pt mso-fareast-font-family: Batang mso-bidi-language: FA mso-ascii-font-family: Garamond mso-hansi-font-family: Garamond mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: KO" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span> </span></b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: "Garamond",serif FONT-SIZE: 10pt mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-fareast-font-family: Batang mso-bidi-language: AR-SA mso-bidi-font-weight: bold mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: KO">sources of drugs. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial and antifungal activity of different extracts of the Iranian lichens in Ilam Province. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: "Garamond",serif FONT-SIZE: 10pt mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-fareast-font-family: Batang mso-bidi-language: AR-SA mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: KO">Methods:</span></b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: "Garamond",serif FONT-SIZE: 10pt mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-fareast-font-family: Batang mso-bidi-language: AR-SA mso-bidi-font-weight: bold mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: KO"> The aqueous, acetone, and methanol extracts of 6 lichen species, including <i>Caloplaca variabilis</i>, <i>Fulgensia subbracteata</i>, <i>Lecanora muralis</i>, <i>Physcia adscendens</i>, <i>Psora</i> <i>decipiens,</i> and <i>Megaspora verrucosa</i>, were produced using Soxhlet extractor. Then, antibacterial and antifungal activities of them against 6 standard strains of bacteria, including <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> ATCC 2321, <i>Escherichia coli</i> ATCC 1652, <i>Proteus mirabilis</i> ATCC 2601, <i>Salmonella typhi</i> ATCC 1679, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> ATCC 1885, and <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> ATCC 2405 and two fungi, including <i>Fusarium moniliforme</i> and <i>Verticillium dahliae,</i> were evaluated using the disc-diffusion method and the minimal inhibitory concentration was determined by broth tube dilution. Streptomycin (10 µg/ml) and ketoconazole (10 µg/ml) were used as positive controls for bacteria and fungi, respectively. Sterile distilled dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</span><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><b style="mso-ansi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: "Times New Roman",serif FONT-SIZE: 10pt mso-fareast-font-family: Batang mso-bidi-language: FA mso-ascii-font-family: Garamond mso-hansi-font-family: Garamond mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: KO" dir="rtl"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span> </span></b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: "Garamond",serif FONT-SIZE: 10pt mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-fareast-font-family: Batang mso-bidi-language: AR-SA mso-bidi-font-weight: bold mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: KO">was used as negative control. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: "Garamond",serif FONT-SIZE: 10pt mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-fareast-font-family: Batang mso-bidi-language: AR-SA mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: KO">Results:</span></b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: "Garamond",serif FONT-SIZE: 10pt mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman' mso-fareast-font-family: Batang mso-bidi-language: AR-SA mso-bidi-font-weight: bold mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: KO"> Methanol extract from <i>F. subbracteata</i> and <i>L. muralis</i> lichens showed relatively high antibacterial activities (<i>p</i><0.01), whereas aqueous extracts showed no activity against the microorganisms and only acetone extract of <i>L. muralis</i> showed antibacterial activity against the <i>S. epidermidis</i> (MIC=500). Methanol extracts of <i>F. subbracteata</i> and <i>L. muralis</i> had higher antifungal activities than others. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: "Garamond",serif FONT-SIZE: 10pt mso-bidi-font-family: Arial mso-fareast-font-family: Batang mso-bidi-language: AR-SA mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: KO">Conclusion:</span></b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: "Garamond",serif FONT-SIZE: 10pt mso-bidi-font-family: Arial mso-fareast-font-family: Batang mso-bidi-language: AR-SA mso-bidi-font-weight: bold mso-ansi-language: EN-US mso-fareast-language: KO"> The methanol extracts of <i>L. muralis</i> and <i>F. subbracteata</i> showed the highest activity against the bacteria and fungi and it seems that they have some antibacterial and antifungal properties.</span></p> Antibacterial, Antifungal, Extracts, Lichens. 71 75 http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-46-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Tahereh Valadbeigi Bhrami2222@gmail.com No Department of Plant Microbiology, Ilam Universty, Ilam, Iran Ali Mohammad Bahrami Am.bahrami@ilam.ac.ir No Department of Pathology, Facuty of Para Veterinary Medicine, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran Minoo Shaddel min_shad@yahoo.com Yes Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran