en Immune responses, deficiencies and vaccine candidates Immune responses, deficiencies and vaccine candidates Review article Review article <p dir="ltr"><span style="font-family:garamond,serif;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">Neutrophils are part of the first line of immune response and are essential for resistance against a variety of pathogens. They professionally mediate direct killing of pathogens, recruit other phagocytes by specific chemokines, produce cytokines and interact with different immune cells to shape the adaptive response. <em>Leishmania</em> as an obligatory intracellular parasite has evolved to benefit this early innate response to find its way into macrophages, the final host cells. Therefore it is important to reconsider the role of neutrophils for further improvement of the current vaccine status.</span></span></p> Innate immunity, Neutrophil, Leishmania, Vaccine 39 44 http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-88-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Negar Seyed negarse@gmail.com Yes Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran Sima Rafati s_rafati@yahoo.com No Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran