Sepriyoga Virdana, Rizaldi Rizaldi, Rita Maliza,
Volume 12, Issue 4 (12-2024)
Abstract
Introduction: Zoonotic diseases pose a significant public health threat, particularly in ecotourism areas where frequent human-macaque interactions increase the risk of pathogen transmission between species. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for safeguarding both human and animal health. This systematic review synthesizes research on the prevalence and transmission of zoonotic pathogens from macaques to humans in ecotourism settings. Methods: The review adhered to PRISMA guidelines, and a comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Semantic Scholar to identify relevant publications. Seventeen studies published between 2000 and 2024 were rigorously evaluated. These studies investigated zoonotic disease transmission between macaques and humans in diverse ecotourism settings across eight countries. Results: The analysis revealed that viruses (42%) were the most frequently reported zoonotic pathogens transmitted from macaques to humans, followed by helminths (28%) and protozoa (26%). Transmission occurred through both direct and indirect pathways, including bites, scratches, physical contact, and exposure to contaminated surfaces or objects. Conclusions: The findings underscore the need for robust public health interventions, such as enhanced surveillance, vaccination programs, and hygiene protocols. Effective ecotourism management strategies should also incorporate educational programs for visitors on zoonotic risks, improved hygiene infrastructure, and strict regulations on human-macaque interactions, including maintaining safe distances and prohibiting feeding, to protect both human and animal health.
Parvaneh Mehrbod, Behrokh Farahmand,
Volume 12, Issue 4 (12-2024)
Abstract
Introduction: The global impact and significance of influenza are profound, from the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic to recent seasonal and avian influenza outbreaks. The ongoing need for international collaboration to control and mitigate the effects of influenza remains crucial. World Flu Day, launched on November 1, 2018, at the Asian-Pacific Centenary Spanish 1918-flu Symposium in Shenzhen, China, aimed to raise public awareness, accelerate scientific research, advocate for the development of a universal influenza vaccine, and strengthen the global political efforts for influenza prevention and control. The main objective of the conference was to cover all aspects of influenza, including epidemiology, vaccination, cross-species outbreaks, and treatments. Conference structure and highlights: The structure of the conference included the history of the Pasteur Institute and its Influenza Department, pathogenesis, epidemiology, vaccination, and treatment of human and avian influenza. The key topics discussed were history of the Pasteur Institute's services, introducing the Influenza Department, pathogenesis and epidemiology of influenza infections in Iran and the region, influenza vaccines from past to present, current clinical status of influenza in humans, herbal remedies for influenza treatment, avian influenza and its risks to humans, and emerging influenza viruses and cross-species outbreaks. Conclusion/impact: The important lessons learned from past influenza outbreaks—including vaccination protocols, treatment strategies, cross-species outbreaks, and global collaborations—were acknowledged as critical for guiding current and future pandemic preparedness efforts under the One Health approach, contributing substantially to the global fight against influenza.
