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Mahboobeh Akbarizare,
Volume 9, Issue 3 (9-2021)
Abstract

Introduction: In many countries, people use animal dung smoke to treat infections. Ancient physicians Avicenna and Zakaria Razi (Zakariyyā Rāzī) recommended these compounds to treat infections. In rural areas of Iran, people used female donkey dung (Anbarnasara) smoke to treat respiratory tract and burn wound infections. This study evaluates the antibacterial and antifungal properties of Anbarnasara smoke. Methods: The smoke from burning Anbarnasara was collected in a 50%-methanol solution. Following evaporation of methanol at 50ºC, the remaining compound was dissolved in DMSO, and various concentrations (3.1-100 mg/ml) were prepared. The antimicrobial effects of various concentrations (3.1-100 mg/ml) of Anbarnasara smoke solution (ASS) were investigated, using the agar well diffusion method on 15 different microorganisms, including eight standard microorganisms and seven bacteria species from clinical specimens. Also, GC-MS analysis was performed to identify the components in ASS. Results: Antifungal activity on Candida albicans was observed at 6.2- 100 mg/ml of ASS. Among Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, the most significant inhibition zones belonged to Staphylococcus epidermidis (30.5± 0.70 mm) and Proteus mirabilis (25± 0.00 mm) at 100 mg/ml. GC-MS analysis showed 16 major peak areas, and of identified components, ~50% were phenolic compounds.  Conclusion: Our results confirmed the ancient physicians' belief in the antibacterial and antifungal properties of Anbarnasara smoke.
Mahboobeh Akbarizare,
Volume 11, Issue 4 (12-2023)
Abstract

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance is a critical public health concern directly contributing to many deaths globally. Unearthing new protocols to tackle pathogenic microorganisms is vital. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is an efficient method for treating cancer and chronic microbial infections. PDI merges light with a photosensitizer to prompt the generation of reactive oxygen species and free radicals, not including O2. These molecules cause a phototoxic reaction and lead to the death of microorganisms. Recent advancements in photodynamic inactivation are focused on the exploration of natural photosensitizers. Methods: In this study, Black Goji Berry Extract (BGBE) was utilized as a photosensitizer at 50 mg/mL concentration. The incubation periods for the extract were 10 and 15 minutes, respectively. Phototoxic reactions were induced using ultraviolet (UV) light, specifically within the 315-400 nm range at an intensity of 8W, for an illumination period of 5 min. This study utilized microbial strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli as test subjects. All the strains went through treatments under these specified conditions. Results were reported after comparing controls and treatments. Results: Incubating with BGBE for 10-15 min followed by a 5-min black UV illumination induced a phototoxic reaction in bacterial strains such as S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli. This resulted in a decrease in bacterial viability by 0.75-0.92 log10 (CFU/mL). No significant difference was observed between the effects on Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains (P>0.05). Moreover, no phototoxic reaction was observed in Candida albicans under similar conditions. Conclusion: While a sublethal photodynamic reaction was recorded in specific bacterial strains post-photodynamic inactivation utilizing BGBE, BGB exhibits potential as a natural source for innovative photosensitizers.

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