en Infectious diseases and public health Infectious diseases and public health Review article Review article <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Dengue and chikungunya are major arboviral diseases that have emerged as significant threats to global public health in recent decades. Their incidence and geographical distribution have<b> </b>expanded due to climate change, globalization, and the proliferation of <i>Aedes</i> vectors. The recent establishment of <i>Aedes aegypti</i> and <i>Aedes albopictus</i> in Iran, coupled with local transmission cases reported in 2024, underscores the imminent risk of outbreaks, particularly of dengue and chikungunya. This situation necessitates urgent preparedness, including integrated prevention strategies, outbreak response planning, and the strengthening of rapid and accurate diagnostic infrastructure. This review examines the pivotal role of the Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory) at the Pasteur Institute of Iran in the surveillance and control of these<b> </b>infections. It addresses the virology, entomology, geographical distribution, and epidemiology within Iran and the World Health Organization Eastern<b> </b>Mediterranean Region (EMR), alongside control challenges, diagnostic methods, and the<b> </b>importance<b> </b>of laboratory networking, highlighting the critical role of the National Reference Laboratory in managing these</span></span></span><b> </b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">emerging threats</span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">.</span></span></span></div> Dengue, Chikungunya, Arboviruses, Laboratory diagnosis, Disease surveillance, Iran, Aedes 41 49 http://jommid.pasteur.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-743-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Mostafa Salehi-Vaziri mostafavaziri1985@gmail.com 0000-0001-8892-8505 No Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran Tahmineh Jalali jalalitahmineh@gmail.com 0000-0002-1183-4356 No Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran Mahsa Tavakoli 0000-0001-8474-5381 No Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran Seyedeh Marzieh Sajjadi kargar_mh@yahoo.com 0009-0007-6866-3977 No Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran Laya Farhan Asadi 0000-0001-9205-3174 No Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran Zahra Hosseini 0000-0002-3874-0499 No Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran Farnoosh Arbabi 0009-0000-2309-3332 No Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran Tahereh Mohammadi 0000-0002-5555-1075 No Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran Sahar Khakifirouz 0000-0003-2456-0080 No Mohammad Hassan Pouriayevali M.H.Pouria@gmail.com Yes Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran